DETERMINANTS OF CHILD LABOUR AMONG FAMILIES IN KISENYI, KAMPALA DISTRICT
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district. The specific objectives were: to determine the social-economic factors that lead to child labour among families, to investigate the effect of child labour on the educational achievement and to suggest strategies to reduce on the prevalence of child labour.
A descriptive research design, combined with both qualitative and quantitative approaches was adopted.
The study revealed that child labour was on the rise in Kira municipality, due to many factors such as insufficient resources, high population growth, large families, single parenting, high levels of illiteracy and parental unemployment. Its effects included physical and psychological harm to children, health hazards and diseases, low education levels and high school drop outs, high morbidity and mortality rates. The main strategies to reduce the prevalence of child labour included; sensitization and awareness creation, need for prosecution of perpetrators, strengthening child protection laws, need for strengthening labour laws, full exposure of child labour in the media and partnerships among different stakeholders
The study therefore recommended that government, local leaders, and NGOs need to take measures to empower children as one way of curbing child labour. When empowered with knowledge and information on child labour and their rights, children can aid in the fight by identifying the forms of child labour they are subjected to and effectively reporting such cases to relevant authorities for action.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 138 specifies fifteen years old as the age below which a person who participates in actively in economic activity will be considered as a child labourer. ILO global estimates indicate that in the year 2000 there were 211 million of children at work in economic activities, out of which 186 million of them were child labourers. Economic activity itself encompasses most productive activities by children such as unpaid, casual, and illegal work as well as work in the informal sector. All the aforementioned ILO estimates however, do not cover children working in non-economic activities mainly due to the fragmented global data on the extent of non-economic child work. ILO estimates however, are still in line with international labour standards which provide for exceptions for household chores in the child’s own household.
The determinants of child activity options extend well beyond education to include the child’s characteristics, parent’s characteristics, household’s characteristics and community characteristics. Knowledge of these determinants would inform a better child welfare management policy in Nigeria, but such analysis is lacking at the national level. Many countries focus their official estimates of child labour on child work for wages (cash or in-kind). This narrow focus generates misleading conclusions. In 1999 and 2000, UNICEF interviewed children across 30 developing countries and discovered that factory work is rare only 3% of children work outside of their household for pay. Unpaid domestic work is more common than is work for pay. UNICEF found that 2% of boys and 5% of girls perform unpaid domestic work for households other than their own. However, most working children are employed in their own household, helping with household duties or the family’s farm and business.
The countries considered in the present study exhibit child labour patterns that conform to UNICEF’s findings. Consider the typical 14-year-old girl living in rural Nepal. She works about 35 hours per week (author’s calculations from the Nepal Labour Force Survey, 1999). She spends 19 hours of that time working in agriculture for her family, and 9 hours helping her family with household work. She does not work for pay, and she does not attend school. An array of activities occupies the rest of her time. Gathering firewood and collecting water are two of her more time consuming tasks.
A focus on wage work alone omits almost all of the activities performed by children. It may be the case that wage work is more often associated with worse employment environments for children, but a focus on wage work alone confounds questions of why children work and what types of jobs or working environments working children sort into. As a result, relatively few academic studies of child labour supply focus on wage work alone. Instead, economists tend to focus on what will be called “market work” throughout this study. Market work includes the types of activities for which a person in a high-income country would normally be paid. This includes wage work but also includes work without direct payment both inside and outside of the household. Thus, market work encompasses work on a neighbour or community’s business or farm or work in one’s own household business or farm.
1.2 Problem statement
The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 34% of children aged 5-14 in Africa are economically active (ILO, 2014). These children constitute 43% of all child labourers worldwide. Despite government efforts in Uganda to reduce child labour, the number of children involved in economic activities in Kisenyi has increased (Olupot, 2013). The study therefore sought to assess the determinants of child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district.
1.3 General objective
The study aimed at assessing the determinants of child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district.
1.4 Specific objectives of the study
- To determine the social-economic factors that lead to child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district
- To investigate the effect of child labour on the educational achievement in Kisenyi, Kampala district
- To suggest strategies to reduce on the prevalence of child labour in Kisenyi, Kampala district
1.5 Research questions
- What social-economic factors lead to child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district?
- What is the effect of child labour on the educational achievement in Kisenyi, Kampala district?
- What strategies can be employed to reduce on the prevalence of child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district?
1.6 Scope of the study
Content scope
The study assessed the determinants of child labour among families. Specific emphasis was put on assessing the social-economic factors that influence child labour, the effect it has on educational achievement and remedies to reduce on its prevalence.
Geographical scope
The study was carried out in Kisenyi, Kampala district.
Time scope
The study considered the period of 2000-2016 as the body of literature to be used.
1.7 Significance of the study
The general significance of this research is that the study will bring to light the determinants of child activity options as well as the link between child labour and poverty in Uganda.
The study will help make policy makers to provide relevant strategies in order to reduce child labour in Uganda.
The study will also be a reference point for further research on child labour options in Uganda and other developing countries.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter presents related literature and it is presented in themes according to the research objectives.
2.1 Socio-economic factors related to child labour
This presents the socioeconomic factors that cause child labour among families.
2.1.1 Poverty as root cause
There are several circumstances that affect child labour. Studies have demonstrated that the most notable reason being poverty (Bhat& Rather, 2009). Decisions about child labour and schooling are generally made by parents. If the family live below the poverty line, parents see children as part of contributor in their family income. Basu (1998) used a theoretical model of child labour, where he showed the only reason parents send children to labour is because of their low income. Consequently poor parents cannot afford schooling for their children. Thus, mainly poor households are to send forced their children to labour instead of sending to school. Rena (2009) shows that that poverty and underdevelopment drives child labour. She found that the high prevalence of poverty amongst countries, including India, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Mozambique, Malawi, Sudan, and Chad increases the child labour. Therefore, child labour is widespread throughout Africa, and Asia. According to the studies of Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005); O’Donnell et al. (2005) and Akarro and Mtweve (2011) they assume that tackling poverty can be a perfect solution to reduce child labour. Beside poverty, many factors influence the incidence of child labour which can be listed in the following points.
2.1.2 Family size
Indeed, large poor households usually have more children involved in child labour than children from smaller households, which demonstrates family size have an effect on child labour. Parents oblige their children to work because they are not able to manage the demands of a large size family. There are also gender differences among household size. Not everyone and of all age in the family are working as child labour, which depends on the child’s age and gender, for example boys are more likely to attended to school than girls. Older siblings often contribute more to the family income (Ahamd, 2012; Boyden and Myers, 1998). Okpukpara et al., (2006) found that in Nigeria, younger children, where are more likely to go to school than older children, where mostly boys attend schools than girls.
2.1.3 Family condition
A growing number of children who have either lost one or both the parents and those impacted by HIV/ADIS in the family, are forced to work in order to support themselves and their siblings. The numbers of orphaned children are increasing particularly in sub Saharan Africa, many whom become street children, and live in very different circumstances (Vandenberg, 2007).
2.1.4 Traditional or cultural factor
Culture is another factor which is driving children into labour market. Different cultures of many societies make children start work at very young age which are related to traditions and cultural factors. They assumed that children need to learn skills that can be good for their future. According to Tauson (2009) in rural Guatemala; parents prefer their children to work because they consider it beneficial for them as they learn work skills. Obinna and Osita-Oleribe (2007) assume that many families in Africa want their children to help in contributing towards family income.
2.1.5 Corruption
Corruption is the one of main reason for abusing resources, wherever there is poverty; there is also corruption (Murphy, 2005). According to United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2012) “Corruption exacerbates poverty and inequality, undermines human development and stability, encourages and sustains conflict, violates human rights, and erodes the democratic functioning of countries.”
Onyemachi (2010) points out that corruption among government officials is another reason that hinders social and economic growth and increases poverty. Corruption can have hugely negative effect on children’s right that deprives basic services such as health care, education and infrastructure. Corruption can diminish children’s ability to escape poverty. For example in many countries employers corrupt labour inspectors to hire underage children such as India, where the incidence of large number of child labourers indicates towards corruption (United Nations Development Programm, 2012).
2.1.6 Civil war
The civil war is another factor contributing to child labour. The war destroys the economy of the country, people become much poor and all resources go to the war. As Doucet noted in a BBC articles on September 25, 2013 that Syrian refugee families who have fled Syria’s civil war send their children to work to earn money for basic necessities of life. These children are are exposed to exploitation. Wars burn all good things that any country could have. It brings diseases, poverty, damages, and many other horrible things. Again, no help will be of use as long as the war is continues.
2.1.7 Urban migration
Many rural families migrate to urban areas because of rural push and urban pull factors. As a consequence of that, they are often forced to live and work in the street as they lack access to basic requirements such as food; shelter etc. and these children become street workers as vendors. Mostly street workers are vulnerable to violence and become more susceptible to illegal works, such as stealing, trafficking drugs and prostitution (Yadav & Sengupta, 2009). These children live in urban poverty; many child labourers live in unhealthy poor conditions slum areas and work in poor environment such as domestic work, or work in hotels and restaurants etc. (Serwadda-Luwaga, 2005)
Many cities in developing countries have experienced rapid urbanization. This means that the population is increasing in cities due to immigration and natural growth. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. Urban poverty in developing countries faces many challenges in their daily lives. Many poor people living under great hardship, due to unemployment, housing shortages, violence and unhealthy environments. The problem of poverty can have weaknesses in the economy and lack of equity to the provision of services (Shitole 2005). Poverty refers to a function of social, economic and political structures and processes that creates unequal distribution of resources, both within and in the global context between communities (Lister 2004). Increased urbanization has resulted in poverty in the cities. Urban poverty raises slums. These areas are characterized by high unemployment, poor sanitation, inadequate access to clean drinking water and inadequate housing. According to Dash (2013) many poor rural areas migrates to Delhi, where migrant families and their children are forced to work for survival and economic opportunities.
2.1.8 Globalization
Globalization is another cause of child labour. Globalization has positive and negative impacts, nevertheless; globalization might give developing countries the opportunity to increase their gross domestic production (GDP) per capita via new trade possibilities and ascend their foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Globalization also has brought adverse impacts on child labour in developing countries. In recent years, many international companies moved their production abroad. These companies often indulge in hiring children as cheap labours as they are endurable, and carry out commands given by their employers even if they’re abused and exploited (Mapaure, 2009). Mishra(2012) claims that in India, globalization has obliged more children to work in hazardous occupations like brick kiln, motor garage, hotels, shops, transportations, manual loading work etc.
Some studies suggest that higher income and higher standard of living can reduce the potential problem which resulted from the increasing child labour of globalization (Congdon Fors, 2012). Other argues that globalization will increase the opportunity of exploiting cheap labour especially from low income countries. For example countries like Vietnam, Mexico and Thailand have provided evidence that child labour declines due to globalization, but countries like Bolivia and Zambia have showed a decline in schooling and an increase in child labour (Mishra, 2012).
2.2 The effect of child labour on educational achievement
Both of these organizations, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) education and two ILO conventions, the Minimum Age Convention (No. 138, 1973) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182, 1999) cover child labour and their right to education. ILO stated that education has a large contribution in abolishing child labour and good quality education is an useful tool in prevention of child labour (ILO, 2004).
The reasons for dropout amongst children are many, however, poverty being the main factor. Shikdar et al., (2013) found evidence that in Bangladesh more than 30 percent people live in extreme poverty. These families are deprived of their basic needs, and their life conditions are very poor. Many families cannot adequately fulfil their basic needs; meanwhile parents oblige children to engage in risky jobs at an early age. The numbers of child labour is increasing in Bangladesh, due to family condition which can have an adverse influence on children’s educational with about 50% of primary school children drops out before they complete their fifth grade. Young Kim, (2009) assumes that in Cambodia most children have access to basic education but still combine school and work, due to poverty.
Several studies and international organizations such as ILO UNICEF, UNESCO and World Bank have confirmed that education can reduce child labour (Kruger, 2007). According to Budhwani et al. (2004) and Bhat et al. (2009) education can be significant for development, for example education can make children develop and learn resulting in intelligent societies in the future, besides education can provide skilled workers. Also, education can improve children’s life both for themselves and their families. Besides, well-educated children can learn how to be grateful to society and be likely to are charitable in the future when they grow up.
According to Khan (2007) children who lack education or drop out of their school, usually lack knowledge and are more vulnerable to exploitation. As a result they become uneducated or unskilled labour. A number of agencies such as IPEC-ILO, UNICEF, UNESCO and World Bank are fighting against child labour by trying to provide access to education to all children (UNICEF, UNESCO, 2008). They consider that education is a first a priority. Thus UNICEF is working with other aid agencies, governments and UN agencies to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals by 2015 to ensure primary education to all children. Today many countries have already achieved the goal of universal primary education. But, the progress is still very slow in low income countries, for example in Sub-Saharan Africa.
According to Akarro and Mtweve (2011) the number of primary and secondary school remains low in developing countries because millions of children are being forced to work instead of going to school. Although there could be different reasons other than child labour, which affects primary school enrollment. Parental unemployment, poor quality of teachers and high cost of education, unfortunately have affected enrollment rates in low income countries (Sakurai, 2006).
2.3 Strategies to reduce on the prevalence of child labour
Many strategies have been developed for the eradication of child labour, some of which are innovative ideas from international organisations such as International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) created in 1992 which focuses on protecting children from exploitative work and promoting free education. IPEC monitors and takes immediate action to prohibit and eradicate the worst forms of child labour. IPEC cooperates with the governments, employers and workers. The programme is running in fifteen countries from Eastern Europe, Asia (Central, South, and Southeast regions), North Africa, and Lebanon (Miller; 2010).
Other partners are also working among the wide network of organizations that combat child labour and includes government agencies, international agencies and some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working towards combating child labour and advocate children’s right such as International Save the Children Alliance (ISCA) established in 1919, Anti-Slavery International and Global March Against Child Labour found in 1998 (Weston; 2005).
Governments of countries all over the world have different policies and programmes across borders to directly or indirectly combat child labour menace, example of this is the Cash Transfer Programme; today many countries have conditional cash transfer programmes which promote cash deposit as a relief to poor families, such as Bolsa Escola, the Brazilian Child Labor Eradication Program (PETI), Mexican Program for Education, Health and Nutrition (PROGRESA), Bangladesh’s Food-for-Education (FFE) program. One of the biggest programmes is Bolsa Escola; which is an anti-poverty program of the Brazilian government; The Bolsa programme was implemented in 1990s. The aim of the program is to break the poverty cycle, rising and improving educational attainment and combating child labour. The program provides several forms of subsidies such as educational stipend and food supplement support. The program has increased while dropout rates have decreased (Sakurai, 2006).
Studies suggest the disadvantage of cash transfer programmes in low-income countries is that these programmes are less helpful at combating child labour than they are at increasing schooling. While other studies suggest these programmes rises income for poor households and can reduce the number of child labour, (Emerson & Knabb; 2005) for example, Edmonds (2006) assumes that number of child labour in South Africa declined and more children attend school when poor families get money (ILO, 2013).
Ravallion and Wodon (2000) found evidence that a food-for-education programme in Bangladesh did indeed raised school enrollment. Skoufias and Parker (2001) found that the conditional cash transfer programme, PROGRESA, in Mexico showed the programmes has impact on both school enrollment and child labour.
2.5 Conclusion
The problem of child labour appears in severe form and various factors are involved. The reasons for the incidence of child labour are complex and deeply rooted into the society. Poverty seems to be the main cause. In general poor children contribute to household income. Although, many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas, this pushes families to force their children to work in order to increase the family income and ensure survival. Study found children under the age of fourteen years are still engaged in economic activity. These children tend to work more consequently they are not regularly in school. However, besides poverty there are other causes such lack of schools, lack of regulations and enforcement, corruption, lack of awareness and rapid population growth.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the research design, data type and sources, sample size and selection, data collection tools/methods, data presentation and analysis, data collection procedure and limitation of the study.
3.2 Research Design
A descriptive research design was used because it is flexible in both quantitative and qualitative data collection. Descriptive research design was also used because it is effective to analyse non-quantified topics and issues, the possibility to observe the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment and the opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection which other designs do not provide. According to Baron (2011), qualitative research design helps to capture qualitative data, based on qualitative aspects that may not be quantified. It aids in discovering the motives and desires or what people think and how they feel about a given subject or situation. This method involves an unstructured approach to inquiry and allows flexibility in all aspects of the research process. It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue or phenomenon without quantifying it. While quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). According to Silverrman (2001), quantification gives greater confidence in the accuracy of conclusions derived from qualitative data; and it gives the reader a chance to think through the data on their own to cap on the researcher’s findings.
3.3 Population of the study
According to Baron, (2011), this constitutes people-individuals, organizations, groups, communities or other units that provide information or to collect information about for the study. This included children aged between 8-15 years, local residents (parents and other adults), local leaders in Kisenyi. Children are key in the study because they are the immediate victims of child labour. The local people included parents and other adults who take care of children and so could generate reliable information on child labour in their families. Local leaders are part of the law enforcement arm of government against child labour.
3.4 Sample Size, Selection and Procedure
A sample size of 70 people was determined using Sounders Lewis and Thornhill method of sample size determination using the formula given by;
n= {(Zß/2)2 PQ}/U2;
Where Zß/2 = the standard normal value
n = the sample size,
P = the estimated population proportion,
Q = 1-P and
U = the maximum allowable error.
Taking Zß/2 =0.025 as 1.96 at 95% confidence level, assuming that,
P=76% and Q=1-76% =24%
U=10% and Zß/2 =0.025 =1.96
Then from n= {(Zß/2)2 PQ}/U2;
n= {(1.96)2 *0.76*0.24}/(0.1)2;
n=70.070784
The study used both purposive sampling method and simple random sampling. Purposive sampling is one of the most cost-effective and time-effective sampling methods available, it may be the only appropriate method available if there are only limited number of primary data sources that can contribute to the study and this sampling technique can be effective in exploring anthropological situations where the discovery of meaning can benefit from an intuitive approach. This method was used to select local leaders.
The study also used simple random method to reduce on the biasness of the purposive data and was mainly used on residents because it is free of classification error, and it requires minimum advance knowledge of the population other than the frame. Its simplicity also makes it relatively easy to interpret data collected in this manner. For these reasons, simple random sampling best suits situations where not much information is available about the population and data collection can be efficiently conducted on randomly distributed items, or where the cost of sampling is small enough to make efficiency less important than simplicity. The method was used to select parents and children.
3.5 Data type and sources
Data was collected from both primary and secondary source.
Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires and interview guide. Secondary data was collected from published journals, reports, text books, and company records.
3.6 Data collection methods and procedures
The study involved questionnaires and interview method.
The questionnaire was used because it is practical, also large amounts of information can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of time and in a relatively cost effective way, can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people with limited affect to its validity and reliability, the results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software package, can be analysed more ‘scientifically’ and objectively, when data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast other research and may be used to measure change. These questionnaires were answered by parents.
Interview guide was also used since it helps in the collection of more data as it allows the interaction of both the researcher and the respondents, any misunderstanding and mistake can be rectified easily in an interview. Interview can help to collect the fresh, new and primary information as needed. The researcher collected data from children and local leaders using this method.
3.7 Analysis and Presentation
3.7.1 Analysis
Data processing involved editing raw data to detect errors and omissions, classifying data according to common features, and tabulation to summarize and organize it. Data analysis involved the qualitative approach of identifying the major themes arising respondents’ answers; assigning of codes to the themes: classification of the themes under the main theme; and integrating the responses into the report in a more descriptive and analytical manner.
Manual editing of questionnaires was done to eliminate errors. After coding, tabulation was done to clearly present various responses and the interpretation. Frequencies and percentages were used to portray statistics used to analyze and interpret the findings of the study. For ease of analysis of quantitative data, Microsoft Excel was used.
3.7.2 Presentation
Presentation of findings involved use of tables, pie-charts and graphs that was generated from the questions relevant to the study variables. Interpretation and discussion of the results was done as the researcher explained the strength of the study variables basing on the frequencies and percentages, charts and graphs.
3.8 Limitations and delimitations of the study
The researcher was faced with a problem of some respondents not providing information for the study as information relating to the study variables, however to this, researcher was explained to respondents that the information was only for the academic purpose while making them to understand the study variables.
The study was limited to a representative sample due to high expenses that are involved in terms of time and funds since this research was self-funded. However, the researcher strived to solicit for funds from family members and friends.
Also the researcher faced a challenge of some respondents who are not literate. This was overcome by translating to them the meaning of the questions in the language that they understood.
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the study findings in reference to the research objectives. Focus was put on presentation and discussion of findings in line with study objectives. The chapter first presents respondents’ background features, while other sections present the study findings study objective. The response rate was 100%, as all the 70 respondents responded positively to the study.
4.1 Background Characteristics of Respondents
Figure 4.1: Sex of Respondents
Source: Primary Data
According to figure 4.1 above, 42(60%) of the respondents were male while 38(40%) were female. This implies that majority of the respondents were male. Males were found to be more active in participation which explains their highest number. However, the involvement of both male and female sexes in the study was due to fact that they are prominent constituents of all households in Kisenyi.
Figure 4.2: Age Distribution of Respondents
Source: Primary Data
Figure 4.2 above revealed that 7.1% of the respondents were below 18years, 14.3% were between 20-25years, 17.1% of the respondents were between 26-30years, 35(50%) were in the age bracket of 31-50, and 11.4% were 50 and above. This implies that majority of the respondents were in the age bracket of 31-50years because most of them were parents who are the key perpetrators of child labour and are equally the major stakeholders in the control of child labour in their families.
Table 4.1: Level of Education of Respondents
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Masters | 0 | 0 |
| Degree | 8 | 11.4 |
| Diploma | 4 | 5.7 |
| Secondary | 30 | 42.9 |
| Primary | 16 | 22.9 |
| None | 12 | 17.1 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Table 4.1 above shows that none of the respondents had attained a master degree, 8(11.4%) had attained degree, 4(5.7%) of them had acquired diploma, 30(42.9%) of the study respondents had attained secondary education, 16(22.9%) had attained primary education and 12(17.1%) of the respondents had not attained any education level. This implies that majority of the respondents had attained secondary education.
Table 4.2: Occupation of Respondents
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Farmer | 3 | 4.3 |
| Business persons | 39 | 55.7 |
| Civil servants | 21 | 30 |
| Others | 7 | 10 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Table 4.2 above indicated that 3(4.3%) of the respondents were farmers, 39(55.7%) were business persons, 21(30%) of the respondents were civil servants and 7(10%) of them did others. This implies that majority of the respondents were business persons and the minority of the respondents were farmers. This shows that the respondents belonged to different occupations in different sectors-formal, semi-formal and informal, with varying incidence of child labour.
4.2. Socio-economic factors for Increasing Rates of Child Labour in Kisenyi
4.2.1 Meaning of Child Labour
Table 4.3: Meaning of Child Labour
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Subjecting children to harmful forms of work | 37 | 52.86 |
| Overworking children below 18 years | 24 | 34.3 |
| Work that is abusive and denies children the right to go to school | 6 | 8.6 |
| Making children do work beyond their ability | 2 | 2.86 |
| A situation of adults exploiting children for personal gains | 1 | 1.4 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Results in table 4.3 show that 37(52.86%) of the respondents viewed it as subjecting children to harmful forms of work; 24(34.3%) viewed it as overworking children below 18 years; 6(8.6%) of the respondents viewed it as work that is abusive and denies children the right to go to school; 2(2.86%) defined it as making children do work beyond their ability. 1(1.4%) of the respondents defined child labour as a situation of adults exploiting children for personal gains.
So, it can be generally concluded that child labour was viewed to be physically and psychologically harmful to children, denies them chance to attend to school totally or regularly, and is normally imposed on them by adults. Thus, all respondents had abstract ideas as regards child labour and understood its basics, more especially the forms, perpetrators and key victims of the vice in their communities. These findings are agree with MOGLSD (2004) who defined child labour as subjecting children below eighteen years to harmful forms of work.
4.2.2 Existence of Child Labour in Kisenyi
The study established the respondents’ acknowledgement of the existence of child labour in Kisenyi. Results were obtained and are presented below;
Table 4.4: Existence of Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Yes | 68 | 97.1 |
| No | 0 | 0 |
| Uncertain | 2 | 2.9 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
According to table 4.4, the majority of them, representing 68(97.1%) of the respondents, were fully aware of the existence of child labour in the area; 2(2.9%) were uncertain of its existence, and none of them denied its existence. This implies that majority of the respondents were aware of the existence of child labour in Kisenyi.
4.2.3 Various Forms of Child Labour in Kisenyi
The various forms of child labour in Kisenyi were established by the study. As presented below;
Table 4.5: Various Forms of Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Domestic child workers | 25 | 35.7 |
| Forced child labour | 19 | 27.1 |
| Drug trafficking | 6 | 8.6 |
| Cross boarder smuggling | 12 | 17.1 |
| urban informal sector activities | 8 | 11.4 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Table 4.5 above shows that the majority of the respondents 25(35.7%) cited domestic child workers, 19(27.1%) mentioned forced child labour, 6(8.6%) of the respondents cited drug tracking, 12(17.1%) of the respondents said cross boarder smuggling and 8(11.4%0 of them indicated urban informal sector activities. This implies that the major form of child labour in Kisenyi is domestic child workers. Therefore, from these findings, it can be concluded that child labour manifests itself in various dynamic forms in the study area.
The finding of domestic child workers concurs with the finding of Ambadaker et al (1999) who found out that 60%-70% of child labourers in LDCs work in domestic related work. Being an integral part of any family, children too are inevitably dragged into home activities as family labour.
The other major form identified was forced child labour. Children in this area have been taken away by businessmen, sometimes with the consent of their parents who are paid a sum of money by some traders who intend to use them in running their business. This agrees with Mugume (2008) who stated that some children are forced to do work for traders to avoid taxes and other legal trade mechanisms across the border.
4.2.4. Factors for Increasing Rates of Child Labour in Kisenyi
The factors for the increased rates of child labour in Kisenyi were also identified.
Table 4.6: Factors for Increasing Rates of Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Insufficient resources | 38 | 54.3 |
| High population growth | 9 | 12.9 |
| Large families | 9 | 12.9 |
| Single parenting | 9 | 12.9 |
| High levels of illiteracy | 3 | 4.3 |
| Parental unemployment | 2 | 2.9 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
From table 4.6 above, 38(54.3%) cited insufficient resources and economic hardships as the main cause; 9(12.9%) cited high population growth, another 9(12.9%) of the respondents indicated large families, also 9(12.9%) of them said single parenting, 3(4.3%) cited high levels of literacy and 2(2.9%) cited parental unemployment. This implies that the main factor for the increasing rates of child labour was insufficient resources. Meaning most households in Kisenyi face a challenge of insufficient resources such as money to cater for the needs of their households.
The key factors for increasing incidence of child labour in Kisenyi included insufficient resources such as money. Most families in the area are indeed poor and children are seen as key players in ensuring that the family livelihood is enhanced. This revelation agrees with Fetuga et al (2005) who noted that most parents send their children to work primarily because they want to increase household income.
High levels of illiteracy and ignorance among adults and even children about child labour; and this finding agrees with Agbenyiga (2007) who asserted that high levels of ignorance and illiteracy result in lack of education for children who are left with no option but to work and earn a living for themselves and their families.
4.3 Effect of Child labor on the educational achievement
4.3.1 Categories of Children Vulnerable to Child Labour in Kisenyi
Table 4.7: Categories of Children Vulnerable to Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Orphans | 40 | 57.1 |
| Girl child | 21 | 30 |
| Child living with relatives | 5 | 7.1 |
| School dropouts | 3 | 4.3 |
| Child living with single parents | 1 | 1.4 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Table 4.7 above shows that orphans were noted by the majority 40(57.1%) of respondents, 21(30%) of the respondents cited girl-child especially in domestic activities as defined by their cultures and norms, 5(7.1%) said children living with relatives, 3(4.3%) of them mentioned school drop outs and 1(1.4%) of the respondents cited children living with single parents. This implies that orphans are the key victims as they are forced to make ends meet sometimes on their own or are exploited by relatives who take care of them.
4.3.2 Perpetrators of Child Labour in Kisenyi
The study further established different categories of persons responsible for the prevalence of child labour in Kisenyi. Results are presented below;
Table 4.8: Perpetrators of Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Biological Parents | 28 | 40 |
| Business men and traders | 22 | 31.4 |
| Adult family members | 8 | 11.4 |
| Distant relatives | 5 | 7.1 |
| Factories | 4 | 5.7 |
| Schools | 3 | 4.3 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
From table 4.8 above, 28(40%) of the respondents quoted biological parents as key promoters of child labour as they subject their own children to this vice right from their own families as family-heads, 22(31.4%) of them identified business men and traders as they recruit children in trade activities like hawking and carrying merchandise; while 8(11.4%) held adult family members and close and distant relatives like brothers, sisters, uncles and aunties also perpetrated child labour. Also, factories and plantation farm owners were noted by 4(5.7%) respondents to recruit children in on-farm and off-farm labour; others cited schools as another place where teachers subject the school children to child labour on school farms. Thus, it shows that child labour in society is perpetuated by different categories of people and the community at large, starting from individual families, with biological parents playing a key role in promoting the vice.
The key perpetrators of child labour included biological parents, business men and traders, adult family members, close and distant relatives, factories and plantation farms and schools. The major people responsible for child labour in this area are parents. They directly involve children in heavy work and sometimes allow children to be so free to do anything including child labour activities like commercial garden work on other people’s farms or leaving the village at a young age to look for jobs in towns. These all agree with the findings of UYDEL (2007) and COMEECA (2011). The researcher intervenes, there are many perpetrators of child labour; but the influence of parents both in perpetrating and controlling the vice of child labour is fundamental.
Effects of Child Labour in Kisenyi to children
The study further presented the effects of child labour on children, where the majority of the respondents. Results were obtained and are presented in the table below;
Table 4.9: Effects of Child Labour in Kisenyi to children
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Physical harm and injuries | 22 | 31.4 |
| Health hazards and diseases | 13 | 18.6 |
| Low education levels and high school dropouts | 10 | 14.3 |
| High child morbidity and mortality rates | 9 | 12.9 |
| Psychological torture or depression and stress | 8 | 11.4 |
| Increased child sexual abuse | 7 | 10 |
| Increased moral decline | 5 | 7.1 |
| Family breakdowns | 3 | 4.3 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
From table 4.9 above, 22(31.4%) of the respondents reported that child labour caused physical harm and injuries to children as victims, 13(18.6%) noted that it led to health hazards and diseases to children, 10(14.3%) noted low education levels and high school dropouts among affected children as they are forced to balance work and school and most of them may drop out of school. Further, 9(12.9%) of them cited high child morbidity and mortality rates among victims of child labour as the effects may be so destructive and lead to death of victims; while 8(11.4%) noted that child labour led to psychological torture or depression and stress among children and children’s negative attitude and dislike for work when they graduate to adulthood due to horrible adulthood experiences at work. 7(10%) of the respondents noted increased child sexual abuse in commercial sex, 5(7.1%) of the respondents argued that child labour led to increased moral decline among children when engaged in illegal activities like commercial sex and 3(4.3%) argued that child labour led to family breakdowns, and perpetuated the vicious cycle of poverty in families. This implies that physical harm and injuries is the main effect of child labour in Kisenyi.
Therefore, it is clear that child labour leaves destructive effects on the children as its victims. It affects their physical, psychological, educational, moral and social spheres of life in the short, medium and long-term. It also spreads to families of such children, local communities, and the economy, leaving both short and long-term undesirable political, social, economic, and environmental outcomes.
The effects of child labour included physical harm to children as victims. It agrees with Emerson and Souza (2006) who noted that children do heavy work and their spines and pelvis leading to skeletal damage and it affects their physical stature by 30%.
The health hazards and spread of diseases to children were also noted just as did The Hague (2010) that observed that occupational and health and safety hazards cause immediate implications and skin irritations and long terms effects like cancer, IQ reduction and infertility. Thus, the researcher also concludes that child labour causes physical and health hazards to children.
Table 4.10: Effect of Child labour on educational achievement
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Low education levels | 21 | 30 |
| High school dropouts | 49 | 70 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
From Table 4.10 above shows that 21(30%) of the respondents reported low education levels, 49(70%) of the respondents cited high school dropouts. This implied that majority of the respondents cited high school dropouts as a major effect of child labour. This is because children are engaged in different activities other than school rated work, which keeps them out of school and thus, reduces their school attendance.
The above finding agrees with Canagarajah and Nielsen (1999) who noted that children who work face the risk of denial of education and school attendance is affected by time spent at work. Work and school are two competing alternatives for some children in the study area; and the intensity of the former greatly undermines the latter.
4.4 Strategies to reduce on the prevalence of child labour among families
Responsibility for Fighting Child Labour in Kisenyi
The study also established different categories of stakeholders responsible for the fight against child labour are outlined.
Table 4.11: Responsibility for Fighting Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Parents | 22 | 31.4 |
| Police | 15 | 21.4 |
| Local leaders | 14 | 20 |
| Community | 13 | 18.6 |
| Government | 10 | 14.3 |
| Children, NGOs and Civil Servant | 4 | 5.7 |
| Labour unions | 2 | 2.9 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
Table 4.11 above shows that 22(31.4%) of the respondents emphasized that parents were the key people in fighting child labour, 15(21.4%) of the respondents said police and 14(20%) cited local leaders while 13(18.6%) cited community, 10(14.3%) of the respondents cited government 4(5.7%) cited children themselves and NGOs and civil society, and 2(2.9%) of them indicated labour unions responsible for fighting the vice of child labour. This shows that the elimination of child labour is a multi-stakeholder effort, starting with the family to the community, government, and other law enforcement bodies with key binding roles in the process.
Measures to Control Child Labour in Kisenyi
The different measures that can be taken to control child labour in Kisenyi were noted.
Table 4.12: Measures to Control Child Labour in Kisenyi
| Response | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
| Sensitization and awareness | 15 | 21.4 |
| Need for prosecution of perpetrators | 13 | 18.6 |
| Strengthening child protection laws | 12 | 17.1 |
| Need for strengthening labour laws | 8 | 11.4 |
| Full exposure of child labour in the media | 6 | 8.6 |
| Partnerships among different stakeholders | 5 | 7.1 |
| Total | 70 | 100 |
Source: Primary Data
From table 4.12 above, 15(21.4%) of the respondents cited the need for sensitization and awareness creation among masses on the forms, causes, effects and remedies of child labour to make them more vigilant in fighting the vice, 13(18.6%) of them forwarded the need for prosecution of perpetrators of child labour under national labour laws, 12(17.1%) urged for strengthening child protection laws against child labour. Also, 8(11.4%) of the respondents cited the need for strengthening labour laws and encouraging children to attend school. Further, 6(8.6%) of them suggested full exposure of child labour in the media and other platforms to create more awareness of its forms, causes and effects; while 5(7.1%) urged for partnerships among different stakeholders like community, police, local leaders and civil society to eliminate child labour.
Respondents urged the need for social, cultural and religious reforms, as well as enhancing political stabilization and border security to curb cross border child trafficking and use of children in illegal cross border trade. The counseling of victims of child labour, and controlling rural-urban migration among children. Therefore, the curbing of child labour involves different measures taken by different parties including government, police, parents, the community, local leaders and even the victims of child labour themselves.
To control child labour, parents, police, local leaders, community, government, children, NGOs, and labour unions were cited. The steps were: sensitization and awareness creation, prosecution of perpetrators of child labour; strengthening child protection and labour laws, encouraging children to attend school; exposure of child labour cases, partnerships among stakeholders, counselling of victims, controlling rural-urban migration; social, cultural and religious reforms; and political stabilization and security. Thus, controlling child labour is a multi-stakeholder task that requires their coordination as well.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents summary of findings, conclusion(s) drawn, recommendations, and areas for further research basing on study findings. The study involved an examination of factors for increased rate of child labour among families in Kisenyi, Kampala district.
5.1 Summary of findings
5.1.1 Socio-economic factors for Increasing Rates of Child Labour in Kisenyi
The factors for increasing rates of child labour included insufficient resources. The other factors included population growth, single parenting, large families, high levels of illiteracy and parental unemployment. Therefore, child labour, along with its numerous dynamic forms, originates from a wide range of economic, political and social factors.
5.1.2 Effect of Child labor on the educational achievement
The major victims of child labour were orphans, the girl-child, children living with relatives, school drop outs, children living with biological parents, delinquents, adopted and abandoned children. The effects of child labour included physical harm to children as victims. The high school drop-outs and low education levels were noted as the major effects of child labour.
5.1.3 Strategies to reduce on the prevalence of child labour among families
To control child labour, parents, police, local leaders, community, government, children, NGOs, and labour unions were cited. The steps were: sensitization and awareness creation, prosecution of perpetrators of child labour; strengthening child protection and labour laws, encouraging children to attend school; exposure of child labour cases, partnerships among stakeholders, counselling of victims, controlling rural-urban migration; social, cultural and religious reforms; and political stabilization and security.
5.2 Conclusion(s)
Child labour is a major concern for the government, NGOs, development agencies like 1LO, health practitioners and the entire population in Uganda and globally. Many conclusions can be drawn on the incidence, forms, perpetrators, victims, causes, effects, and remedies to the social vice of child labor. It burdens children below eighteen years to psychologically and physically harmful forms of work like farm work, child soldiers, cross-border smuggling and drug trafficking, urban informal sector work, self-employment, commercial sex, domestic child workers, child trafficking, forced child labour and apprenticeships. The victims are orphans, the girl-child, children living with relatives and even biological parents, school drop outs, delinquents, adopted and abandoned children; while the major promoters range from biological parents, business men and traders, relatives, factories and plantation farms, schools, or rebel groups.
Child labour is a product of the interplay of political, social, economic and external factors that relate to the local population or demographics, labour and child protection sectors, government and the extraneous environment. The major ones are: poverty and economic hardships; high population growth, agriculture, ignorance, urbanization, HIV/AIDS and orphan hood, child neglect, domestic violence, social, cultural and religious factors, children’s vulnerability, and weak national labour and child protection laws. Its effects include physical and psychological harm to children; health hazards and diseases; low education levels and high school drop-outs; high child morbidity and mortality rates; children’s dislike in adulthood; increased child sexual abuse and moral decline; family breakdowns, and perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty in families. So, it is necessary to take measures to control this vice; including: sensitization and awareness creation, prosecution of perpetrators; strengthening child protection and labour laws, encouraging children to attend school; exposure of child labour, partnerships, controlling rural-urban migration; social, cultural and religious reforms; and enhancing political stabilization. This requires the joint effort of parents, police, local leaders the community, government, children, NGOs, civil society, and labour unions.
5.3 Recommendations
Basing on the study findings and the conclusion drawn, the recommendations derived for the public, government, children, laws enforcers, development agencies and other stakeholders include:
First and foremost, the study forwards the need for massive sensitization of parents, children, and the general public on child labour, including its forms, victims, perpetrators, causes, its effects on children and the community, and their roles and other responsibilities in curbing the vice. This will help to enlighten them so that they become collectively vigilant in monitoring and fighting the vice.
The study also recommends the need for educational reforms so that the education system and the major elements of the education processes are less burdening and yet more convenient for children to support their school attendance. This would minimise the tendency of some children dropping out of school early to seek odd jobs, especially in the urban informal sector.
There is also need for government, local leaders, and NGOs need to take measures to empower children as one way of curbing child labour. When empowered with knowledge and information on child labour and their rights, children can aid in the fight by identifying the forms of child labour they are subjected to and effectively reporting such cases to relevant authorities for action.
There is need to strengthen the national labour laws and the police force as the law enforcement body in a bid to curb child labour. The government should revise its labour laws to incriminate child labour and strengthen the police force and provide adequate resources to fight child labour.
Finally, the study forwards the need for the government to provide more economic opportunities for the predominantly poor rural families to increase their incomes and improve livelihoods. This will lure them away from exploiting young children to increase family earnings and improve welfare.
5.4 Areas for Further Research
The study identified the following areas for further research:
- To conduct a comparative study on the incidence of child labour in all regions of Uganda.
- To analyse the long-term effect of child labour on the growth and development of the child.
- To establish the major steps being taken to curb chid labour in Uganda.
- To analyse the long term effect of child labour on national economic growth and development.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNARE FOR PARENTS
I am Bwere Barbra, a final year student pursuing a Bachelor’s Degree of Arts in Economics of Kyambogo University. This questionnaire serves to gather data concerning the “Determinants of Child Labour among Families in Kisenyi, Kampala District”. You have been identified as one of the key respondents for this study. Therefore, I request for your cooperation. You will not be forced to answer any question that is against your will. The information you will provide will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will only be used for academic purposes.
Thank you in advance
SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
- What is your sex?
Male Female
- What is your age?
(20-25) (26-30) (31-40) (40 and above)
- What is your highest level of education?
Masters Degree Diploma Secondary
Primary None others specify…………………………………..
- What is your occupation?
Farmer Businessman Civil Servant
Others Specify …………………………………..
SECTION B: SOCIAL-ECONOMIC FACTORS LEAD TO CHILD LABOUR AMONG FAMILIES
- Do you have children?
Yes No
- If yes, do they go to school?
Yes No
If no. why?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
- Do your children work at home?
Yes No
- Have you ever heard of the concept of child labour?
Yes No Not sure
- If yes, what forms of child labour do you witness? (Tick whichever is appropriate)
| Forms | Tick |
| Domestic child workers | |
| Forced or bonded child labour | |
| Commercial Sexual exploitation | |
| Forced Child Street Begging | |
| Drug Trafficking | |
| Cross Border Smuggling | |
| Urban informal sector activities |
Others specify.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- If yes, what are the socioeconomic factors have caused that?
Insufficient resources The family size
Lack of education Single parenting
Parental unemployment Others specify ……………………….
SECTION C: EFFECT OF CHILD LABOUR ON THE EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
- What kinds of children are vulnerable to child labour?
Delinquent children Children living with relatives
Children with single parents Adopted children
School drop-out Others specify …………………..
- Who engages the children in these types of work?
Biological parents Adult family members
Relatives Family friends
Criminal gangs Peer groups The community Business men and traders Factories Plantation farms Others specify ………………………
- What is the effect of child labour on the education of children?
Dropping out of school Poor performance at school
Low self esteem Anxiety and panic
Others specify …………………
SECTION D: STRATEGIES TO REDUCE ON THE PREVALENCE OF CHILD LABOUR AMONG FAMILIES
- Who is responsible for fighting child labour in your community?
Labour Unions Community
Government Parents Others specify …………………..
- As a parent, what can be done to stop child labour in your community?
………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………
THANK YOU FOR YOUR CO-OPERATION
APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR LOCAL LEADERS
- Have you ever heard of the concept of child labour?
- If yes, what forms of child labour do you witness?
- What are the socioeconomic factors that have caused that?
- What kinds of children are vulnerable to child labour?
- Who engages the children in these types of work?
- What is the effect of child labour on the education of children?
- Who is responsible for fighting child labour in your community?
- What measures can be taken to curb child labour in the community?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION
APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR CHILDREN
- How old are you?
- Do you go to school?
- In which class are you?
- If you do not go to school, why?
- What kind of activities do you engage in at home?
- How do you balance work and school?
- Are you forced to do any work?
- Who forces you to do work?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION
